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Example:

For $ N=3$ we have, in general,

$\displaystyle \left<x,y\right> = x_0 \overline{y_0} + x_1 \overline{y_1} + x_2 \overline{y_2}.
$

Let

\begin{eqnarray*}
x &=& [0,j,1] \\
y &=& [1,j,j].
\end{eqnarray*}

Then

$\displaystyle \left<x,y\right> = 0\cdot 1 + j \cdot (-j) + 1 \cdot (-j) = 0 + 1 + (-j) = 1-j.
$


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``Mathematics of the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), with Music and Audio Applications'', by Julius O. Smith III, W3K Publishing, 2003, ISBN 0-9745607-0-7.

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